Factors Affecting the Decision of Grant Bank Loans to Economic Institutions – The Case of SMES Tlemcen

OUADAH NAIMA

Abou Bakr Belkaid University, Algeria

HOUALEF RAHIMA

Abou Bakr Belkaid University, Algeria

AINOUS REDOUAN

Abou Bakr Belkaid University, Algeria

*Corresponding Author:

AINOUS REDOUAN
Abou Bakr Belkaid University, Algeria
Tel: +213775331993
E-mail: redwan875@yahoo.com

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Abstract

The banking sector is most important sectors that support economic development without them can any economy presses that do its job. Bank credit is effective banking very important, as generated by the return represents the main focus of revenue for any bank no matter how many and varied other sources of revenue; without him, Bank loses his job as financial brokers in economics, but at the same time invest surrounded by risks, especially the financial risks. The aim of this article is to know the factors affecting the decision of grant bank loans to economic institutions. In order to address this problem, we relied on a series of previous studies in this area to study the variables did not study. On all public banks, including foreign and Arab represented in 12 banks. Through direct delivery to form the survey of credit officers and charged with studying the loan files, and to answer a series of questions the variables of the study and the nature of their impact on decision – making in the banks’ employees.

Keywords

Banks; Economic Institutions; Bank Loans; Decision-Making

Introduction

The process of granting bank loans are always accompanied by risks, there is no process for the loans granting without risk, where the latter vary in nature and severity degree.

Perhaps the lending institutions unable to pay the proper time or are unable to pay the process fully is the most important risk is linked to the process of granting loans by the bank. So the bank takes the necessary precautions in order to minimize or reduce these dangers and as well as carrying out the coverage in the case achieved.

The process of granting loans by the bank are after analysing loan applications and that the diagnosis of the general situation of the institution through financial her studies, relying on financial ratios. Lead takes irrational decisions and in order to know the factors affecting the decision to grant loans to these institutions. We want to bring the theoretical side the ground by carrying out a study on all the banks exist in the spatial boundaries of the study.

Among the problems raised in the economic arena, regulate bank’s relationship with its surroundings, especially with the economic institutions, in order to revive the proportional relationship between banks and institutions. It is already during studying which we would like do them, and given the importance of decision–making in the field of the private banking business. Its sensitivity and gravity of the overall economic and social activity, we will try to answer to the problem at hand:

What are the Factors Affecting the Decision to Grant Bank Loans for Economic Institutions in the Algerian Banks?

In order to answer to the problem of searching and sub–questions we propose the following two hypotheses:

H1: (Enterprise/bank relationship with the institution properties) have the direct impact on the decision-making bank.

H2: (Enterprise/bank relationship with the characteristics of the institution) have the indirect impact on the decision-making bank-brokered loan characteristics.

Conceptual Framework of Research

The purpose of this subject is to study the each effect of characteristic enterprise bank’s relationship to the organization’s decision – making. It was directly or the mediation for the loan and the problem characteristics of asymmetric information, as shown in Figure 1.

The Characteristics of The Firm

It can be defined as the criteria that the bank paid to the trust in the organization and granting the loan package, as it is what determines the validity of the client to get the desired loan:

The Size

It represents the total assets of the institution, where many studies have confirmed. There is a close relationship between the size of the enterprise and the granting of the loan [1] and an important factor in the approval of the loan granting. While there are a range of studies have suggested that a small – sized enterprises are more likely to reject loan applications submitted, as well as the rejection of loan applications submitted linked inversely with the size of the founder [2]. This confirms the fact that large enterprises enjoy the ease in obtaining loans [3].

Demographic Characteristics of the Client

Larousse defines the profile as ‘a set of traits that characterize someone from its ability to function, a job’ [4].

We can say that the demographic characteristics of the client are sex, age, education level; years of experience… etc. can be relied upon in the type’s classification of private manager’s age and educational levels. Moreover, their impact on personal competence. As the charismatic fair and good reputation in the financial community, and committed to all its obligations in order to persuade the bank required credit granting.

Financial Situation Enterprise

It can be considered as the health status of the institution, as the bank based in his study of the loan file [5]. The reliability of the financial information provided is a prerequisite to making the right decision, but it is linked to overall transparency of the latter, only [6]. The dependence on the financial situation of the institution is mainly directed at the institutions that a transparent, as it is linked positively with the size of the enterprise. Thus owning the customer good financial position to cover the loan granted to him as collateral in the event of not being able to repay what it has.

The Bank - Enterprise Relationship

This variable includes number of factors that indicate the bank’s relationships with the organization are:

Multiple Banks “Multi-Banking”

This represents a variable number of banks, such as those dealing with the institution in the request for the loan, as it represents an important factor in determining the relationship between the parties. Nevertheless, there are studies to say that the multiplicity of banks reduces the likelihood of reject the loan rejected [7]. However, there is the opposite of the first studies say that because of the variety of banking institution becomes unable to give a positive picture of its financial position. From Point of decision – making can be a variety of banks that make it harder to negotiate the terms of the loan [8]. In this case, banks impose on institutions guarantees used as a pressure tool that is what makes the bank in a strong position [9]. It is also to avoid banks granting loans have multiple sources of funding. Because it limits the use of information [10] in addition to the enterprise deal with one bank generates an atmosphere of trust and cooperation between with the passage of time [11].

Duration of the Relationship (Strength of the Relationship)

There are several parameters to measure the strength of the relationship, but the most commonly used factor is duration. Where the strength relationship between the bank and the borrowers affect the loan rate and extent of availability [6]. There are other factors to measure the strength of the relationship, including term. In addition, the number of banks that deal with the institution [12]. Only a set of studies that can force the relationship to replace the collateral in order to obtain the loan [13], and many studies have confirmed this idea [14-17].

“They can replace beings.”

The Nature of the Relationship

The basis for the continuation of the relationship between the bank and the institution is trust. Where you play a big role in creating a favourable environment for communication between them through the exchange of information, as is one of the most effective ways to limit the problem of information [18]. Where it expresses the nature of this relationship through a number of banks that deal with the organization, duration of the relationship, the loan amount [19], Interest rate [20] and banking services [21]. It is the results of the study carried out by the [22]. In the framework of relational financing, the bank can minimize the risk of asymmetric information, and then be able to distinguish between the entrepreneurs and the quality (minimization of the risk of adverse selection). The exchange of information for the duration of the relationship would reduce the likelihood of dispelling the assets value granted in the form of guarantees.

The model of Stiglitz et al. [23] is based on the existence of ex-ante information asymmetry.

The model of Williamson is based on the existence of asymmetric information ex-post.

The Characteristics of The Loan

Used loan characteristics are usually guarantees and interest rates, which are considered as substitutes (can one compensate the other) [24].

Amount Required

The study [25] among the first to integrate the loan size in the granting of the loan. There are two theories opposing, on the part of the loan leads to a rejection of the size, and the other helps the size of credit to cover Loan costs and increases the chances of getting it.

Interest Rates

An interest rate of profit or surplus loan can be produced, and is at the same time represents the interest that the organization paid for the loan rate. In previous experimental studies, most contributions consider that the loans granted size is linked largely with interest followed the price policy of the party banks [26-28], banks prefer rejected loan applications to raise interest rates [1,13].

Collaterals

collaterals are considered as an organizer of the supply and demand for loans, can be used as a mechanism to separate or distinguish between different clients [29,30]; as the acceptance of the borrowers to provide important safeguards gives a positive signal about their financial situation, and the largest annexation n m to recover the loan amount granted in the case of failure.

In fact, credit guarantees contracts that are used as a means to choose between projects and as a stimulus enabling them to eliminate the problem of adverse selection, and balancing [31]. While others are opposed to the wealth effect on the decision – making (Figure 2). Because it cannot reduce the problem of adverse selection in the case of whether the original wealth changed (Preliminary) (i.e. time to get the loan and the time to maturity).

Hypotheses of The Study

This model puts the hypotheses of the influence both the institution and the bank’s relationship the organization’s decision – making banks from two different perspectives;

• Each of the global institution characteristics/bank – Enterprise relationship two variables independent explain the impact on the decision – making bank as the dependent variable.

• Each the global institution characteristics/bank-Enterprise relationship two variables independent affect the decision – making bank as the dependent variable based on the mediation of asymmetry information and loan characteristics.

The Practical Side

In order to address this problem we have adopted and the verification of hypotheses, completed a study on all public banks, including foreign and Arab represented in 12 banks; through direct delivery to form the survey of credit officers and charged with studying the loan files, and to answer a series of questions related to the variables of the study staff and the nature of their impact on decision – making in banks.

Analysis of The Results

To make sure health or the assumptions set error in the search will use the way One Way ANOVA, with analysis of variance (ANOVA) for experimental data analysis and determine the effect of variables.

First: the direct have an impact of (Enterprise characteristics/bank-Enterprise relationship) on the decision – making bank.

Based on previous studies and surveys after the literary and theoretical study, we assume that there is a statistically significant relationship between the characteristics of the institution and the nature of their relationship with the bank.

Hypothesis 1: the direct effect of workers (Enterprise/bank relationship properties) on the decision – making bank

H_1-1: Enterprise characteristics have a direct positive impact on the decision – making bank.

Enterprise characteristics=size + demographic characteristics client + the institution financial situation.

Knowing that the demographic characteristics of the client represented by sex, age, education level, and years of experience (Table 1). The results were as follows.

Table 1: The variance analysis ANOVA.

Analysis of The Results

• Effect Size: Note that Sig=0.00, it is smaller than 0.05. F=12.43 is greater than the calculated F Driven, therefore we can say that there is a very close relationship between the size of the organization and decision – making bank.

• Effect demographic characteristics of the client: Note that Sig=0.008, it is smaller than 0.05. F=5.63 greater than the calculated F Driven, therefore we can say that there is a close relationship between the demographic characteristics of the client and decision – making bank (Table 2).

Table 2: Statistical decision.

• Impact of the institution financial situation: note that Sig=0.00, it is smaller than 0.05. F=12.43 is greater than the calculated F Driven, therefore we can say that there is a close relationship between the financial institution and decision – making bank.

Hence it can be said that the premise

Inquirer

H_1-2: Bank relationship with the institution has a direct positive impact on the decision – making bank (Table 3).

Table 3: The variance analysis ANOVA.

Bank relationship organization=multiple banks+nature of the relationship (duration).

Results of the study were as follows:

Analysis of The Results

• Effect of multiple banks: Note that Sig=0.00, it is smaller than 0.05. F=21.81 is greater than the calculated F Driven, therefore we can say that there is a close relationship between the multiple banks of the institution and the decision – making bank.

• Influence the relationship between the bank and the enterprise: Note that Sig=0.002, it is smaller than 0.05. F=7.28 greater than the calculated F Driven, thus can be said that the nature of the relationship between the bank and the institution important impact on the decision – making bank (Table 4 – Statistical decision).

Table 4: Statistical decision.

Hence, it can be said that the premises 1-2 unrealized and from it, the premise the direct effect of the global (Enterprise characteristics/bank-Enterprise relationship) on the decision – making bank is uncertain.

Second: the indirect effect of the global (Enterprise characteristics/Bank-Enterprise relationship) on the decision – making bank – mediated (asymmetry of information/characteristics of the loan).

H_2-1: factors affecting (Enterprise/bank relationship with the institution) properties on the problem asymmetric information

H_2.1.1: There is a statistically significant relationship between one of characteristic enterprise and the problem of asymmetric information (Table 5).

Table 5: The variance analysis ANOVA.

Knowing that the demographic characteristics of the client represented by: sex, age, education level, years of experience, the client’s reputation results of the study were as follows:

Analysis of The Results

Moral Effect Size

Note that Sig=0.777, it is a size of 0.05. F=0.081 Smaller than the calculated F Driven, therefore we can say that there is no close relationship between the enterprise size and the asymmetric information problem.

The demographic characteristics of the client: Note that Sig=0.00 and it is smaller than 0.05; and F=13.523 is greater than the calculated F Driven and therefore we can say that there is a close relationship between the demographic characteristics of the client and the problem of asymmetric information.

The financial situation of the institution: note that Sig=0.00, it is smaller than 0.05. F=23.021 Greater than the calculated F Driven, therefore we can say that there is a close relationship between the financial situation of the institution and the problem of asymmetric information (Table 6 - Statistical decision).

Table 6: Statistical decision.

Hence, it can be said that the impact of a single property, at least from the institution properties hypothesis on the problem of asymmetric information is unrealized hypothesis.

A statistically significant relationship between one property of the bank’s relationship with the institution, at least, and the problem of asymmetric information.

Bank relationship Corporation=Multiple banks + the nature of the relationship (Length).

Results of the study were as follows (Table 7).

Table 7: The variance analysis ANOVA.

Analysis of The Results

• Moral influence of the multiplicity of banks: Note that Sig=0.000, it is smaller than 0.05, and. Greater than the calculated F Driven and therefore we can say that there is a close relationship between the multiple banks of the institution and the problem of asymmetric information.

• Moral influence of the nature of the relationship between the bank and the institution: Note that Sig=0. 951 Which Larger From 0.05, and A calculated Formulate T of F Driven and therefore we can say that there is not the nature of the relationship between the bank and the institution a significant impact on the problem of asymmetric information (Table 8 - Test the relationships).

Table 8: Test the relationships.

Therefore we can say that a statistically significant relationship between one property of the bank’s relationship with the institution, at least, and the problem of asymmetric information.

H_2-2: The problem of asymmetric information has a negative effect on the characteristics of the loan

Results of the study were as follows (Table 9).

Table 9: The variance analysis ANOVA.

Analysis of The Results

• Moral influence of the asymmetric information problem on the characteristics of the loan: Note that Sig=0.324. It is the largest of 0.05, smaller than the calculated F Driven and therefore we can say that there is no significant impact to the asymmetric information problem on the characteristics of the loan (Table 10 - Statistical decision).

Table 10: Statistical decision.

Moreover, it could be argued that the impact of the problem of asymmetric information on the loan unrealized property hypothesis.

H_2-3: The impact of factors (Enterprise properties/Bank relationship – Enterprise) on the loan characteristics.

H_2.3.1: Enterprise properties have a positive indirect effect on the characteristics of the loan.

Using One Way ANOVA

Results of the study were as follows (Table 11).

Table 11: The variance analysis ANOVA.

Analysis of The Results

• Effect size: Note that Sig=0.000, it is the largest of 0.05, smaller than the calculated F Driven and therefore we can say that there is a close relationship between the institution and the size of the loan characteristics.

• Influence of the demographic characteristics of the client: Note that Sig=0.001, it is smaller than 0.05, greater than the calculated F Driven and therefore we can say that there is a close relationship between the demographic characteristics of the client and loan characteristics.

• Impact of the financial situation of the institution: Note that Sig=0.186, it is the largest of 0.05, it is Smaller than the calculated F Driven and therefore we can say that there is no close relationship between the financial situation of the institution and the loan characteristics (Table 12):

Table 12: Test the relationship.

Therefore, we can say that the impact of the organization on the characteristics of the loan characteristics hypothesis is the hypothesis relatively unrealized.

H_2.3.2: Bank – Enterprise relationship has a positive indirect effect on the characteristics of the loan.

Results of the study were as follows (Table 13).

Table 13: The variance analysis ANOVA.

Analysis of The Results

• Influence of the multiplicity of banks: Note that Sig=0.000, it is smaller than 0.05, and. Greater than the calculated F Driven and therefore we can say that there is a close relationship between the multiple banks of the institution and the loan characteristics.

• Influence of the nature of the relationship between the bank and the institution: Note that Sig=0.098 and it is the largest of 0.05, and. Smaller than the calculated F Driven and therefore we can say that there is the nature of the relationship between the bank and the institution a significant impact on the characteristics of the loan (Table 14).

Table 14: Variable hypothesis.

Therefore, we can say that the impact hypothesis Enterprise characteristics of the loan characteristics relatively unrealized

Conclusion

The aim of this study is to find out the factors affecting the decision to grant bank loans and economic institutions. This hypothesis by studying the impact of each of the characteristics of the institution and the bank’s relationship to the organization’s decision – making banks from two different perspectives.

• Each of the global institution/bank relationship of two variables you will institution properties Independent Explain the impact on the decision – making bank as a variable Follows.

• Each of the global institution/bank relationship between two variables you will institution properties Independent Affect the decision – making bank as a variable Follow Proceeding from the mediation of asymmetry information and loan characteristics.

Results of the Study were as Follows

• Enterprise characteristics have a direct positive impact on the decision – making bank

• Bank-Enterprise relationship have a direct positive impact on the decision – making bank

Therefore, we can say that the first hypothesis unrealized this means that there is a direct positive impact for each of the workers (the institution/bank relationship properties) on the decision – making bank.

• A statistically significant relationship between one characteristic of the institution and the characteristics of at least problem asymmetric information.

1. The lack has a strong relationship between the enterprise size and the asymmetric information problem.

2. No statistically significant relationship between demographic characteristics of the client and the problem of asymmetric information.

3. No statistically significant relationship between the financial situation and the asymmetric information problem

• A statistically significant relationship between one property of the bank’s relationship with the institution, at least, and the asymmetric information problem.

1. There is a relationship statistically significant between multiple banks of the institution and the asymmetric information problem.

2. There is no statistically significant relationship between the bank and the institution and the asymmetric information problem.

No statistically significant relationship between the characteristics of the loan and the bank take the decision hypothesis therefore the impact of the loan on the characteristics of the decision – making bank confirmed.

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